Volume 48, No 3, 2026, Pages 537-561
Download full text in PDF3D Printed Biomimetic Interfaces with Anisotropic Friction and Functional Surface Design
Authors:
Khan Rajib Hossain 
,
Jarin Tasnim ,
Md. Rahamatolla ,
M. Abdul Jalil 
,
Mohammod Aminuzzaman ,
Md. Abu Saeed ,
Khan Md. Salman Adib Fuad
DOI: 10.24874/ti.2109.01.26.03
Received: 11 January 2026
Revised: 24 February 2026
Accepted: 18 March 2026
Published: 15 September 2026
Abstract:
Biomimicry, which involves drawing inspiration from nature to identify solutions to challenges, is a crucial approach to designing adaptive, multifunctional materials, considering that nature's designs have been refined through millions of years of evolution. Anisotropic friction and functional surface engineering are two of these strategies that serve as essential methods for controlling directional motion, enhancing adhesion, reducing drag, and regulating wettability. With the development of state-of-the-art 3D printing techniques, such as micro-stereolithography, direct ink writing, and two-photon polymerization, hierarchical structures inspired by gecko setae, snake scales, lotus leaves, and cat paw pads can now be printed with unprecedented resolution. Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the use of soft-hard composites, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, and micro- and nano-textured surfaces to create synthetic interfaces with controllable adhesion, self-cleaning properties, and improved tribological behavior. Recent studies have shown that structural design and photothermal response enable controllable friction and multifunctional applications. The field is advancing rapidly toward biomimetic materials that are sustainable, responsive, and adaptable, despite challenges in scalability, durability, and cross-disciplinary integration. In this review, we summarize these recent advances, discuss the importance of anisotropic friction for functional interfaces, and provide new perspectives on translating natural inspiration into working technologies.
Keywords:
3D printing, Biomimetics, Anisotropic friction, Hydrogels, Functional surfaces
